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The foundation for law in America are a couple of important Law Documents. Maybe you've heard of them before: the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights...

The Federalist Papers

The Federalist, commonly referred to as the Federalist Papers, is a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788. The essays were published anonymously, under the pen name "Publius," in various New York state newspapers of the time.

The Federalist Papers were written and published to urge New Yorkers to ratify the proposed United States Constitution, which was drafted in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. In lobbying for adoption of the Constitution over the existing Articles of Confederation, the essays explain particular provisions of the Constitution in detail. For this reason, and because Hamilton and Madison were each members of the Constitutional Convention, the Federalist Papers are often used today to help interpret the intentions of those drafting the Constitution.

The Federalist Papers were published primarily in two New York state newspapers: The New York Packet and The Independent Journal. They were reprinted in other newspapers in New York state and in several cities in other states. A bound edition, with revisions and corrections by Hamilton, was published in 1788 by printers J. and A. McLean. An edition published by printer Jacob Gideon in 1818, with revisions and corrections by Madison, was the first to identify each essay by its author's name. Because of its publishing history, the assignment of authorship, numbering, and exact wording may vary with different editions of The Federalist.

Issue	Title	Author	Publication	Date
1	General Introduction	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
2	Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay	Independent Journal
3	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay	Independent Journal
4	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay	Independent Journal
5	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay	Independent Journal
6	Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
7	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
8	The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Nov 20, 1787
9	The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
10	The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection	James Madison	New York Packet	Nov 23, 1787
11	The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
12	The Utility of the Union in Respect to Revenue	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Nov 27, 1787
13	Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
14	Objections to the Proposed Constitution from Extent of Territory Answered	James Madison	New York Packet	Nov 30, 1787
15	The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
16	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Dec 04, 1787
17	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
18	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton and James Madison	Independent Journal
19	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton and James Madison	Independent Journal
20	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton and James Madison	New York Packet	Dec 11, 1787
21	Other Defects of the Present Confederation	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
22	The Same Subject Continued: ther Defects of the Present Confederation	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Dec 14, 1787
23	The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Dec 17, 1787
24	The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
25	The Same Subject Continued: he Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Dec 21, 1787
26	The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
27	The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Commo	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Dec 25, 1787
28	The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Commo	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
29	Concerning the Militia	Alexander Hamilton	Daily Advertiser	Jan 10, 1788
30	Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Dec 28, 1787
31	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Jan 01, 1788
32	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	Daily Advertiser	Jan 03, 1788
33	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	Daily Advertiser	Jan 03, 1788
34	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Jan 04, 1788
35	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
36	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Jan 08, 1788
37	Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government	James Madison	Daily Advertiser	Jan 11, 1788
38	The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed	James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 15, 1788
39	The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles	James Madison	Independent Journal
40	The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained	James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 18, 1788
41	General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution	James Madison	Independent Journal
42	The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered	James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 22, 1788
43	The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered	James Madison	Independent Journal
44	Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States	James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 25, 1788
45	The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered	James Madison	Independent Journal
46	The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared	James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 29, 1788
47	The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Par	James Madison	New York Packet	Feb 01, 1788
48	These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Othe	James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 01, 1788
49	Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Feb 05, 1788
50	Periodic Appeals to the People Considered	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 05, 1788
51	The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different De	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 08, 1788
52	The House of Representatives	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 08, 1788
53	The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 12, 1788
54	The Apportionment of Members Among the States	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 12, 1788
55	The Total Number of the House of Representatives	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 15, 1788
56	The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 19, 1788
57	The Alleged Tendency of the Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connect	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	New York Packet	Jan 19, 1788
58	Objection that the Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Con	James Madison
59	Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Feb 22, 1788
60	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Feb 26, 1788
61	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Feb 26, 1788
62	The Senate	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	Independent Journal
63	The Senate Continued	Alexander Hamilton or James Madison	Independent Journal
64	The Powers of the Senate	John Jay	New York Packet	Mar 07, 1788
65	The Powers of the Senate Continued	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 07, 1788
66	Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 11, 1788
67	The Executive Department	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 11, 1788
68	The Mode of Electing the President	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 14, 1788
69	The Real Character of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 14, 1788
70	The Executive Department Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 14, 1788
71	The Duration in Office of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 18, 1788
72	The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 21, 1788
73	The Provision for Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 21, 1788
74	The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Mar 25, 1788
75	The Treaty Making Power of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton	Independent Journal
76	The Appointing Power of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Apr 01, 1788
77	The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered	Alexander Hamilton	New York Packet	Apr 04, 1788
78	The Judiciary Department	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
79	The Judiciary Continued	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
80	The Powers of the Judiciary	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
81	The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of Judicial Authority	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
82	The Judiciary Continued	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
83	The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
84	Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York
85	Concluding Remarks	Alexander Hamilton	McLEAN's Edition, New York

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